Abstract

Background

During the weaning phase, piglets are exposed to significant physiological and environmental stressors, which disrupt the balance of their intestinal microbiota and often lead to severe diarrhea. Previous studies have demonstrated that alfalfa fiber, derived from the stems and leaves of alfalfa, can effectively alleviate diarrhea in piglets. Additionally, multiple studies have highlighted the potential of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in mitigating diarrhea in various models of intestinal diseases in young animals. However, the specific mechanisms by which FMT from targeted sources alleviates diarrhea in weaned piglets remain to be fully elucidated.

Results

In this study, FMT from donor piglets fed an alfalfa fiber-supplemented diet effectively alleviated diarrhea, improved intestinal morphology, and enhanced gut barrier function in weaned piglets. FMT further promoted the colonization of beneficial bacterial genera (includingUCG-005,unclassified Lachnospiraceae,Lachnospiraceae AC2044 group,UCG-002,Candidatus Saccharimonas, andLachnospiraceae ND3007 group) while inhibiting the detrimental genusTyzzerella, consequently enhancing the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Additionally, FMT upregulated riboflavin metabolism, leading to elevated flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) levels and increased glutathione reductase activity, thereby collectively attenuating lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced oxidative stress and contributing to intestinal health.

Conclusions

We found that FMT modulates the structure of the gut microbiota, enhances microbial diversity and composition, increases the production of SCFAs, and upregulates riboflavin metabolism to elevate FAD levels. These changes collectively enhance immune and antioxidant capacities, thereby alleviating diarrhea.

Data Availability

Data will be made available on request.

Abbreviations

  • ADG:: Average daily gain
  • ADFI:: Average daily feed intake
  • CD:: Crypt depth
  • DAO:: Diamine oxidase
  • FAD:: Flavin adenine dinucleotide
  • FMN:: Flavin mononucleotide
  • FMT:: Fecal microbiota transplantation
  • GAPDH:: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
  • GR:: Glutathione reductase
  • GSH:: Reduced glutathione
  • GSSG:: Oxidized glutathione
  • HSP 70:: Heat shock protein 70
  • IgA:: Immunoglobulin A
  • IgG:: Immunoglobulin G
  • IgM:: Immunoglobulin M
  • IL-1β:: Interleukin-1β
  • IL-10:: Interleukin-10
  • IL-22:: Interleukin-22
  • LPS:: Lipopolysaccharide
  • MDA:: Malondialdehyde
  • MUC-2:: Mucin 2
  • MyD88:: Myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88
  • NF-κB:: Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
  • ROS:: Reactive oxygen species
  • SCFAs:: Short-chain fatty acids
  • T-AOC:: Total antioxidant capacity
  • T-SOD:: Total superoxide dismutase
  • TLR4:: Toll-like receptor 4
  • TNF-α:: Tumor necrosis factor-α
  • VH:: Villus height
  • VCR:: Villus-to-crypt ratio
  • ZO-1:: Zonula Occludens-1

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Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

Financial support for this research was provided by Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System of China (CARS-34), the Science and Technology Innovation Leading Talent in Central Plains (No. 244200510010) and the Outstanding Talents of Henan Agricultural University (No.30500636).

Ethics Declaration

Ethics approval and consent to participate

All procedures in this study were performed in accordance with the Guidelines for the Care and Use of Experimental Animals issued by Henan Agricultural University, China (approval number: HNND2023031401) and were fully compliant with the relevant regulations and protocols for animal welfare.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

All authors have no conflicts of interest.

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