Poultry egg and meat are the major sources of animal-based proteins for humans. With continuous genetic selection, modern poultry has become the most efficient domestic animal in cheap and quality protein production. To feed the rapidly growing human population and minimize climate degradation, however, poultry still face strong pressure to further improve production efficiency which will be highly dependent on the technology revolution. This special issue focus on the overview of research work, the significant progress during recent years and possible future prospects are highlighted. Topics include basic research progress on poultry genome annotation, achievements on genetic and genomic study of economic traits, and the advances in cutting-edge breeding technologies. The goal of editing and publishing this special issue is to advance our understanding of poultry genetics and genomics, and to provide insights into technological innovations for poultry genetic improvement. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology is a leading open access journal publishing innovative research across agriculture, dairy and animal science.